The Limits and Latitudes of Language

Artists included:

MEL BOCHNER (b. 1940, Pittsburgh, PA)

Mel Bochner is recognized as one of the pioneers of Conceptual Art. He has helped to develop many of the techniques used by the Conceptual and Installation artists who followed him into the art world. Bochner earned his BFA in 1962 and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts in 2005, both from the School of Art at Carnegie Mellon University. In 1964, the artist moved to New York, where he was given the opportunity to teach art history at the School of Visual Arts. It was at this school that Bochner had his first exhibition; the 1966 show Working Drawings And Other Visible Things On Paper Not Necessarily Meant To Be Viewed As Art consisted of photocopies of working drawings from his friends placed into four black binders on four pedestals. Bochner continued to experiment with ideas that broke away from the dominate Abstract Expressionism of the early 1960s and developed an ongoing commitment to semiotic representation. His influential theoretical essays on art have figured as a central component to his oeuvre.Bochner's works have been widely exhibited throughout his career. In 1995, the Yale University Art Gallery i(New Haven, CT) showed his work in a retrospective titled Mel Bochner: Thought Made Visible 1966–1973, which was also turned into a book of the same name. In 2011, another retrospective, In the Tower: Mel Bochner, was shown at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. His writings on art also include the book Solar System & Rest Rooms: Writings and Interviews, 1965–2007. Bochner's works are included in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh, PA), the Courtauld Institute of Art (London), and the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), among others. The artist continues to live and work in New York.

LOUISE BOURGEOIS (b. 1911, Paris, France; d. 2010, New York, NY)

Louise Bourgeois is recognized for her abstract sculptures, drawings and prints, and perhaps best known for her arachnid-like Maman sculptures. Born in Paris, France, Bourgeois studied mathematics at the Sorbonne before switching to Fine Art at École du Louvre and École des Beaux-Arts. In 1938, she moved to New York to study painting at the Art Students League. She garnered critical and public acclaim after her retrospective debuted at The Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1982. She then drew further international attention at the documenta 9 in Kassel in 1992, and at the Venice Biennale one year later. In 1999, Bourgeois was the first artist commissioned to fill the Turbine Hall at the Tate Modern (London), which held a large retrospective in honor of her 95th birthday.

Many of her large-scale works have been exhibited as public art, including three spider sculptures installed at Rockefeller Center (NY) in 2001, under the aegis of the Public Art Fund. Major museum retrospectives have since been organized by the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (2001–02); State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg (2001–03); and Tate Modern, London (2007–08). Bourgeois's achievements have been recognized with a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts (1973), membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1981), a grand prize in sculpture from the French Ministry of Culture (1991), the National Medal of Arts (1997), the Leone d'Oro (1999), a Medal of Honor from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia (2005), the 2006 Intrepid Award from the National Organization for Women (2006), and the Woman Award from the United Nations and Women Together (2007), among others. Bourgeois died on May 31, 2010, in New York.

FÉLIX GONZÁLEZ-TORRES (b. 1957, Guáimaro, Cuba; d. 1996, Miami, FL)

Known for having made significant contributions to the field of conceptual art in the 1980s and 1990s, Félix González-Torres utilized simple, everyday materials (stacks of paper, puzzles, candy, strings of lights, beads) and a reduced aesthetic vocabulary to address themes such as love and loss, sickness and rejuvenation, gender and sexuality. González-Torres earned a BFA in photography from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, in 1983. Later earning an MFA from the International Center of Photography and New York University in 1987, he worked as an adjunct art instructor at New York University until 1989. Throughout his career, González-Torres's involvement in social and political causes as an openly gay man fueled his interest in the overlap of private and public life. From 1987 to 1991, he was part of Group Material, a New York-based art collective whose members worked collaboratively to initiate community education and cultural activism.

González-Torres received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1989 and 1993. He participated in hundreds of group shows during his lifetime, including early presentations at Artists Space and White Columns in New York (1987 and 1988, respectively), the Whitney Biennial (1991), the Venice Biennale (1993), SITE Santa Fe (1995), and the Sydney Biennial (1996). Comprehensive retrospective exhibitions of his work have been organized by the Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles (1994); Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1995); Sprengel Museum Hannover, Germany (1997); and Biblioteca Luis-Angel Arango, Bogotá (2000). Other exhibitions have been held at the Hamburger Bahnhof-Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin (2006–07); PLATEAU, Seoul (2012); and Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul (2012). A survey of his work, Specific Objects without Specific Form, was organized by WIELS, Centre d'Art Contemporain, Brussels (2010), and then traveled to the Fondation Beyeler, Basel (2010), and the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main (2011). In 2007, González-Torres was selected to represent the United States at the Venice Biennale in the exhibition Félix González-Torres: America. He died in Miami on January 9, 1996.

EDGAR HEAP OF BIRDS (b. 1954, Wichita, KS; Cheyenne and Arapaho)

Based in Oklahoma City and on tribal land, where he has lived since 1981, Hock E Aye Vi Edgar Heap of Birds consistently creates works that confront repressed histories of state and settler violence against Native communities in the United States. His work includes multidisciplinary forms of public art messages, large-scale drawings, Neuf Series acrylic paintings, prints, works in glass, and monumental outdoor sculpture. Heap of Birds received his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1976 from the University of Kansas (Lawrence, KS). In 1979, he received his Master of Fine Arts from Temple University's Tyler School of Art (Philadelphia, PA). He holds Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts and Letters degrees from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design (Boston, MA), Emily Carr University of Art and Design (Vancouver, Canada), and the California Institute of the Arts (Valencia, CA).

Heap of Birds was sponsored by The National Museum of the American Indian as part of the 2007 Venice Biennale. In 2012, he was named an USA Ford Fellow, and in 2014 he was honored as a Distinguished Alumni from the University of Kansas. His work has been exhibited internationally, including at the Museum of Modern Art (NY); Orchard Gallery (Northern Ireland); the Cheyenne and Arapaho Nations Reservation in OK); Site Santa Fe Museum (NM); Grand Palais (Paris, France); and documenta (Kassal, Germany). His work holds a place in the collections of many museums, such as the Whitney Museum of American Art (NY); Walker Art Center in Minneapolis (MN); the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.; the Metropolitan Museum of Art (NY); the British Museum (London, England); Anchorage Museum (AK); and the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.

JENNY HOLZER (b. 1950, Gallipolis, OH)

Based in Hoosick, New York, Jenny Holzer is known for her text-based, large-scale installations in public spaces. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in printmaking and painting in 1972 from Ohio University (Athens, OH), and a Master of Fine Arts in painting from the Rhode Island School of Design (Providence, RI) in 1977. Through her work, Holzer presents both original and appropriated texts across various media to deconstruct how personal and political meaning are created in a patriarchal, consumer-oriented society.

Holzer has had solo exhibitions at the Kunsthalle Basel (1984); Brooklyn Museum, New York (1988); Dia Art Foundation, New York, and Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (both 1989–90); Haus der Kunst, Munich (1993); Art Tower Mito, Japan (1994); Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (1997); Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin (2001, 2011); Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria (2004); MAK, Vienna (2006); Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (2008–09); Whitney Museum of American Art (2009), and Fondation Beyeler, Riehen, Switzerland (2009–10); Tate Modern, London (2018–19); and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (2019), among other institutions. Her works have appeared in Documenta (1982, 1987); Whitney Biennial (1983, 1985); Carnegie International (1985); Sculpture Project, Münster (1987); Venice Biennale (1990, 2005, 2007, 2015); Florence Biennial (1996); Singapore Biennial (2006); and Gwangju Biennial (2012). She has been the recipient of several important awards, and in 2016 she was made an Officier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government. Holzer is one of the six artist-curators who made selections for Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (2019–20).

BARBARA KRUGER (b. 1945, Newark, NJ)

Now recognized as a key figure in the Pictures Generation, Barbara Kruger utilizes bold red, white, and black type overlaid with images of cultural critique to examine consumerism through a feminist discourse.. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Kruger briefly attended Syracuse University (NY) and Parsons School of Design in New York City under artists Marvin Israel and Diane Arbus, after which she worked as a graphic designer and art director. In 1979, Barbara Kruger exhibited her first works combining appropriated photographs and superimposed text at P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center (MoMA PS1), in Long Island City (NY). In 1999, the Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles) mounted the first retrospective exhibition to provide a comprehensive overview of Kruger's career since 1978; the show travelled to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York in 2000.

Today, Kruger's works are held in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, The Museum of Modern Art (NY), the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), and the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, MN), among others. Major solo exhibitions of Kruger's work have been organized by the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London (1983), Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles (1999), Palazzo delle Papesse Centro Arte Contemporanea in Siena (2002), Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (2005), and Moderna Museet in Stockholm (2008). Kruger has also participated in the Whitney Biennial (1983, 1985, and 1987) and documenta 7 and 8 (1982 and 1987). She represented the United States at the Venice Biennale in 1982 and again participated in 2005, when she received the Leone d'Oro for lifetime achievement. In 2021, Kruger was included in Time magazine's annual list of the 100 Most Influential People. The artist currently lives and works in New York and Los Angeles.

BRUCE NAUMAN (b. 1941, Fort Wayne, IN)

Born in 1941 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, Bruce Nauman received a BA degree (1964), with a major in art, from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he also studied mathematics and physics. In 1966, he received his MFA from the University of California at Davis. In 1964, Nauman began experimenting with sculpture and performance art and collaborated with William Allan and Robert Nelson on film projects. Since the mid-1960s, the artist has created an open-ended body of work that includes sculptures, films, holograms, interactive environments, neon wall reliefs, photographs, prints, sculptures, videotapes, and performance.

In 1972, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art (NY) organized the first solo museum exhibition of the artist's work, which traveled in Europe and the United States. Since then, Nauman has had major solo exhibitions at Centre d'Art la Panera, Colombia (2008); Museu de Arte Contemporanea, Portugal (2008); Centre for Contemporary Art Ujazdowski Castle, Poland (2009); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania (2009); Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, Michigan (2009); Center for Contemporary Art, Japan (2010); Musée d'Art Contemporain Lyon, France (2010); The Museum of Modern Art, New York (2010); Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin (2010); Neues Museum Weserburg Bremen, Germany (2010); Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2012); Göteburgs Konstmuseum (Gothenburg Museum of Art), Sweden (2013); Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Spain (2015); Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain, Paris (2015); and Skulpturenpark Waldfrieden (Waldfrieden Sculpture Park), Germany (2015).

Nauman has received many honors, including an Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1989, the Max Beckmann Prize in 1990, the Wolf Prize in Arts-Sculpture in 1993, the Wexner Prize in 1994, the Leone d'Oro in 1999, an Honorary Doctor of Art from California Institute of the Arts in 2000, and the Praemium Imperiale Prize for Visual Arts (Japan) in 2004. Nauman lives and works in Galisteo, NM.

ISAMU NOGUCHI (b. 1940, Los Angeles, CA; d. 1988, New York, NY)

Isamu Noguchi was born in Los Angeles in 1904 to a Japanese poet and an American writer. He was sent to Indiana for schooling in 1918, and in 1922 he apprenticed to the sculptor Gutzon Borglum in Connecticut. After two years of being a premedical student at Columbia University (NY) and taking sculpture classes at the Leonardo da Vinci Art School (NY), Noguchi left Columbia in 1925 to pursue a career as an artist. A John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship in 1927 enabled him to go to Paris, where he worked as Constantin Brancusi's studio assistant. Noguchi returned to New York in 1928 and the following year showed abstract sculpture in his first solo show at the Eugene Schoen Gallery (NY).

In 1930, Noguchi traveled in Europe and Asia, studying calligraphy in China and pottery in Japan. Upon his return to New York in the 1930s, he began to design playgrounds, furniture, and theater decor, executing the first of numerous sets for Martha Graham. During World War II, Noguchi became a political activist and voluntarily spent seven months in 1941–42 at a Japanese-American relocation camp in Arizona. In 1949, he was given a solo show at the Egan Gallery, New York. In Japan in 1950–51, he designed gardens, bridges, and monuments and developed his akari (paper lanterns).

Noguchi's first retrospective in the United States was in 1968, at the Whitney Museum of American Art (NY). In 1986, he represented the United States at the Venice Biennale. Noguchi received the Edward MacDowell Medal for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to the Arts in 1982; the Kyoto Prize in Arts in 1986; the National Medal of Arts in 1987; and the Order of the Sacred Treasure from the Japanese government in 1988. In 1985, The Noguchi Museum was founded and designed by the artist in Long Island City, New York. The artist died in New York City in 1988.

JULIAN OPIE (b. 1958, London, England)

Best known for portraits that reduce subjects to essential lines and color planes, Julian Opie studied at Goldsmith's School of Art from 1979 to 1983. During time time, he created the series Eat Dirt, Art History of tongue-in-cheek copies of famous artworks. His works have been realized in a variety of media including silkscreen, vinyl, LCD, LED, lenticular and flocking, and have been exhibited in museums, galleries, and public spaces internationally.

In 2001, Opie was awarded Music Week CADS Best Illustration award for his album cover design for Best of Blur. His work is presented in private and public commissions all over the world including Regent's Place, London (2011); The Lindo Wing, St Mary's Hospital, London (2012); Arendt and Medernach, Luxembourg (2015); Tower 535, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong (2016); and the Narita Airport, Tokyo (2018). Opie has presented recent institutional exhibitions at SCAI The Bathhouse, Tokyo (2014); Kunsthalle Helsinki (2015); Krobath Vienna, Austria (2016); Fosun Foundation, Shanghai (2017); Fundacion Bancaja, Valencia (2017); National Portrait Gallery, London (2017); Suwon Ipark Museum, Suwon (2017); F1963, Busan (2018); National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (2018); and

Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon (2020). His work can be found in public collections worldwide including British Museum (London); Essl Collection (Vienna, Austria); the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Spain); National Portrait Gallery (London); Tate Modern (London); Victoria and Albert Museum (London); Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam); Israel Museum (Jerusalem); Takamatsu City Museum of Art (Japan); Museum of Modern Art (NY); and Institute of Contemporary Arts (Boston). Julian Opie lives and works in London.

ED RUSCHA (b. 1937, Omaha, NE)

Born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1937, Ed Ruscha grew up in Oklahoma City after his family moved in 1941. In 1956, he relocated to Los Angeles to attend the Chouinard Art Institute (now California Institute of the Arts, Los Angeles) until 1960. Ruscha began his career as a graphic artist but expanded his production to encompass drawing, painting, photography, and artist books that explore the banality of the urban landscape. His early interest in commercial art and work as a graphic designer for an L.A. advertising agency as well as his frustration with the traditional hierarchies of painting and sculpture led him to create works that challenged prevalent styles such as Abstract Expressionism.

In January 1963, Ruscha published Twentysix Gasoline Stations, the first of his 16 artist books of the 1960s and 1970s. Also that year, the first of three solo exhibitions opened at the Ferus Gallery, Los Angeles. Other important solo shows were presented by the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (1976); Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1988); Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (1990); and J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (1998). Ruscha's work has been the subject of numerous retrospectives, including an early 1983 exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the traveling retrospective Cotton Puffs, Q-tips®, Smoke and Mirrors, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (2004); Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (2004–05); and National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (2005). In 2004, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney (Australia) organized a major retrospective that subsequently traveled to the Museo nazionale delle arti del XXI Secolo in Rome (2004) and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh, Scotland (2004–05). Ruscha represented the United States at the 2005 Venice Bienniale. In 2009, Ed Ruscha: Fifty Years of Painting opened at the Hayward Gallery, London, and traveled to the Haus der Kunst, Munich, and Moderna Museet, Stockholm (both 2010). Recently, the Museum of Modern Art (NY) launched a comprehensive retrospective of Ruscha's work titled ED RUSCHA/NOW THEN (2023). Ruscha lives and works in Los Angeles.

ROSE B. SIMPSON (b. 1983, Santa Clara Pueblo, NM)

Rose B. Simpson is a mixed-media artist whose work explores the impact, both emotional and existential, of living in the postmodern and postcolonial world. Growing up in a multigenerational, matrilineal lineage of artists working with clay, her practice is informed by Indigenous tradition. Androgynous clay figures adorned with found and manufactured objects are often at the base of Simpson's practice.

In 2007, Simpson received her BFA from the Institute of American Indian Arts (Santa Fe, NM), and in 2011, she received her MFA in Ceramics from the Rhode Island School of Design (Providence, RI). She also holds an MA in Creative Writing from the Institute of American Indian Arts. Simpson has had recent solo exhibitions at The Fabric Workshop and Museum (Philadelphia, PA); Institute Contemporary Art Boston (MA); the Nevada Art Museum (Reno, NV); SCAD Museum of Art (Savannah, GA); and the Wheelwright Museum (Santa Fe, NM). Her work is held in museum collections across the United States, including the Denver Art Museum (CO); Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; The Metropolitan Museum of Art (NY); Museum of Contemporary Art (Chicago); Museum of Fine Arts Boston; Nevada Art Museum; the Benton Museum of art at Pomona College (Claremont, CA); Portland Art Museum (OR); Princeton University Art Museum (NJ); and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (CA). The artist lives and works from her home at Santa Clara Pueblo (NM).

RIRKRIT TIRAVANIJA (b. 1961, Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Born in Buenos Aires in 1961 to a Thai diplomat and raised in Thailand, Ethiopia, and Canada, Rirkrit Tiravanija is an artist best known for intimate, participatory installations that revolve around social action and communal traditions. He received his BA from the Ontario College of Art (Toronto) in 1984, and his MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1986. In 1985 to 1986, he participated in the prestigious Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program (NY). Since the 1990s, Tiravanija's work has been imbued with an ethic of social engagement, often inviting viewers to inhabit and activate his work. In one of his best-known series, begun with pad thai (1990) at the Paula Allen Gallery in New York, Tiravanija rejected traditional art objects altogether and instead cooked and served food for exhibition visitors.

Solo exhibitions of his work have been mounted by Reiña Sofia in Madrid (1994), Museum of Modern Art in New York (1997), Philadelphia Museum of Art (1998), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1999), Chiang Mai University Art Museum in Thailand (2004), Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam (2004), and Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris (2005). Tiravanija's work has also been included in major exhibitions such as the Venice Biennale (1993 and 1999), Whitney Biennial (1995 and 2005), Liverpool Biennial (2002 and 2004), and São Paulo Biennial (2006). Work by the artist is represented in international museum and public collections, including Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh); Fond National d'Art Contemporain (Paris); Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo (Turin, Italy); Fundación Tantica (Buenos Aires, Argentina); Inhotim Institute, Brumadinho (Brazil); Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León (Spain); Museum of Contemporary Art (Bangkok); The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; The Museum of Modern Art (NY); Neue Nationalgalerie (Berlin); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (CA); Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (NY); Tate Modern (London); and the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, MN).

Among his many awards and honors, Tiravanija was the recipient of the 2004 Hugo Boss Prize from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. He lives and works in New York, Berlin, and Chiang Mai.

LAWRENCE WEINER (b. 1942, New York, NY; d. 2021, New York, NY)

Lawrence Weiner was born in 1942 in the Bronx, New York. He went to the Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan and studied philosophy and literature at Hunter College (NY). A pioneer of conceptual, text-based art, Weiner investigated forms of display and distribution that challenge traditional assumptions about the nature of the art object.
Weiner's early work included experiments with systematic approaches to shaped canvases and later, featured squares cut out of carpeting or walls. In 1968, however, Weiner was included in an outdoor exhibition at Windham College in Putney, Vermont, for which he proposed the work be a rectangle defined by stakes and twine on the campus lawn. When students cut down the twine that hampered their access across the lawn, Weiner realized that his piece could have been more minimal while still allowing the desired effect for viewers had he simply read a verbal description of the work; this realization began his primary focus on language as a medium.

In 2007, the Whitney Museum of American Art (NY) organized the first major retrospective of the artist's work in the United States. Recent solo exhibitions have taken place at the Holstebro Kunstmuseum, Denmark (2021); Fundación Casa Wabi, Oaxaca, Mexico (2020); Museo Nivola, Orani, Italy (2019); Milwaukee Art Museum (2017); Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria (2016); Blenheim Art Foundation, UK (2015); South London Gallery, UK (2014); Villa Panza, Italy, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Spain (both 2013); and the Jewish Museum, New York (2012). Among many honors he was awarded fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1976, 1983), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1994), the Wolfgang Hahn Prize, Museum Ludwig, Cologne (1995), a Skowhegan Medal for Painting/Conceptual Art (1999), an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the Graduate Center, City University of New York (2013), and, recently, the Roswitha Haftmann Foundation Prize (2015), the Wolf Prize (2017), and the Aspen Award for Art (2017). The artist died in New York in 2021.

CHRISTOPHER WOOL (b. 1955, Chicago, IL)

Best known for his graphic, black and white word paintings, Christopher Wool was born in 1955 in Chicago. In the early 1970s, he moved to New York and studied art with postwar abstract painters, including Richard Pousette-Dart at Sarah Lawrence College (Bronxville, NY) and Jack Tworkov and Harry Kramer at the Studio School (NY). Wool soon became immersed in the underground film and music scenes of downtown New York, taking a short hiatus from painting to study film at New York University in the late 1970s. A couple of years later he returned to painting while working as a studio assistant to the sculptor Joel Shapiro.

In 1984 and 1986, Wool received his first solo exhibitions at Cable Gallery (NY). The first institutional presentation of Wool's work was held at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1989. Since then, his work has been exhibited widely at institutions around the world, including Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburg, PA); Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Spain); Kölnischer Kunstverein (Cologne, Germany); Kunsthalle Basel (Switzerland); Kunsthalle Bern (Switzerland); Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, Netherlands); Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles); Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (Strasbourg, France); Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Serralves (Porto, Portugal); and Museum Ludwig (Cologne, Germany). Wool has also participated in the Whitney Biennial in New York (1989), documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany (1992), the Lyon Biennial in France (2003), and the Venice Biennale (2011). He has been named a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, served as a DAAD Berlin Artist-in-Residence, and received the Wolfgang Hahn Prize Cologne. Wool currently lives and works in New York City and Marfa, Texas.